BrainMaster's Frequently Asked Questions?

 

1. What Are BrainMaster's Most Popular Classes?

Our most popular classes include:

• Elementary School: Speech and Debate Comprehensive, Littles Speech, Congress and Impromptu, Debate Comprehensive, Elementary Nationals.

• Middle School: Speech and Debate Comprehensive, Speech Nationals, Mock Trial, Public Forum Debate, Intro LD, Model United Nations.

• High School: Speech Nationals, Mock Trial, Model United Nations, Lincoln-Douglas, Congress Nationals.

 

2. How Many Students Are in Each BrainMaster Class?

We start our normal classes with a minimum of four students. If we have more than 8 students in a class, we’ll bring in a second instructor to maintain an optimal student-teacher ratio. For our Speech Nationals Team, if we have more than five students, we’ll bring in a second teacher to maintain that ratio.

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3. Which BrainMaster Class Is the Right Fit for My Student?

It fully depends on the student. About 80% of students start with one of our comprehensive courses. If they’re in high school, they typically interview directly into one of our speech/debate competition teams or take a foundational MUN or mock trial course before interviewing for those teams. We highly recommend doing a free informational session before registering for your first course with us.

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4. How Often Do BrainMaster Students Meet? What Is the Time Commitment?

• Regular Classes: Two hours per week during the school year, with no more than two hours of homework (often completed in 30 minutes).

• Nationals Competition Classes: Typically two hours per week, with additional workshops/scrimmages. Students are expected to practice for 30 minutes every day to remain competitively viable.

• Tournaments: Speech/debate students normally compete every two weeks. MUN and mock trial students compete every six weeks.

 

5. Does BrainMaster Offer Make-Up Class Options?

Yes. If a student misses a class and communicates with us through info@brainmaster.academy, we will find time in the same class on a different day of the week that fits the student’s schedule. This class may be online or at a different location.

 

6. Can Students from Speech and Debate After-School Academies Compete at Tournaments?

Students must go to the NSDA, NCFL, and TOC competitions in high school with their schools. We provide robust support in helping that happen, including setting up NSDA accounts and corresponding with school administrators.

However, students can attend nearly all invitational/bid tournaments, NIETOC (the speech TOC), and the mock trial TOC and world championship under academy names. We are the only academy to ever win sweepstakes awards at both NIETOC and the Mock Trial TOC.

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7. What Are the Differences Between Elementary and Middle School Speech and Debate Competitions?

Elementary school offers fewer competitive opportunities. Most speech categories last for five minutes. Middle school offers more opportunities; most speech categories last for ten minutes. Top fifth graders can attend middle school-level tournaments but need to lengthen their speeches. For example, last year, a fifth-grader was a national middle school finalist at the NSDA.

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8. What Are BrainMaster Teachers' Credentials/Backgrounds?

To be considered for a BrainMaster coaching position, candidates need extensive experience with education/coaching and/or winning/competing at the national level. Our coaches complete certification courses on student safety and mental health, protecting students from abuse, and communicating effectively with parents. Background checks are required, and we follow a rigorous onboarding process to ensure each class is meticulously crafted and engagingly taught by experts in their fields.

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9. How Can I Volunteer with BrainMaster?

Visit our volunteering page. Popular forms of volunteering include representing us at festivals like the Plano Global Festival, judging younger students at competitions, or being a BrainMaster TA as you’re available throughout the season.

 

10. How Can We Sign Up for Private Lessons with BrainMaster?

Contact info@brainmaster.academy and express which specific areas you need help with. We’ll contact coaches for availability and get back to you with a way to book them. Once you purchase your session(s), we’ll set up an appointment.

 

11. Does BrainMaster Offer Trial Classes?

Yes, but in a private/Zoom setting to minimize disruption to our already-running classes. Teachers dividing their focus to bring trial students up to speed on lessons distracts from their ability to effectively engage with students who have already been absorbing the content and want to learn more.

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12. What Are You Looking for in Your Nationals Team Interviews?

• Enthusiasm: If a parent does most of the talking or the student isn’t sure why they’re speaking with the interviewer, it’s a major red flag.

• Commitment: If a student is very busy on weekends with other extracurriculars, it’s a red flag.

• Resilience: If a student indicates they’re not good at learning from losses, it’s a red flag.

• Expertise: We need to assume they have a foundational understanding of the concepts before they’re ready for a full season of competitions.

 

13. Does BrainMaster Have Lesson Plans?

Yes—our curricula are rigorously designed and vetted across years of study, updated regularly. We have full lesson plans built out and shared on Google Classroom with our students. For nationals teams, curricula are dictated by upcoming competitions, making them more modular and flexible based on students’ needs.

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14. What Is BrainMaster's Refund Policy?

• All scheduled events are subject to change. No fees will be refunded or transferred unless a child is unable to participate due to an accident or illness per physician orders.

• BrainMaster does not offer refunds after a class begins; funds may be reallocated toward class credit for a future term.

• In unforeseen circumstances (e.g., coach's car breaking down, outbreak at an in-person site), BrainMaster reserves the right to move up to two classes per semester from in-person to online. Impacted families will be alerted ASAP.

• Any refunds distributed will have third-party vendor service fees subtracted (e.g., Square takes a 3.5% service fee).

 

15. Does BrainMaster Speak Chinese/Mandarin?

Yes--our co-founder is fluent, as are some employees!

College Counseling FAQ

 

1. How Can Speech, Debate, Mock Trial, or Model United Nations Help for College?

We've created a whole page dedicated to answering this question. Read about it here.

We also have several blog posts on this point. For example, click here to read about the pathways to national success in speech and debate, or click here to read our analysis about which classes are best for college.

 

2. What Is the C.R.A.S.H. College Counseling Framework?

The C.R.A.S.H. College Counseling Framework is a project-tracking system developed by Dr. Iain Lampert of BrainMaster, designed to help students optimize their college applications. The acronym C.R.A.S.H. stands for Competitions, Research, Academics, Service, and Hobbies, reflecting five major areas of focus that many applicants overlook when preparing for selective college admissions.

By categorizing each project or initiative under these five pillars, students ensure they devote attention to a broad range of meaningful experiences. This strategy not only highlights their strengths across multiple dimensions—such as leadership in competitions, dedication to academic research, or commitment to community service—but also helps them stand out to top-tier institutions. BrainMaster reports that since 2016, over 90% of students who follow the C.R.A.S.H. system have gained acceptance to top 20 colleges.

For more information on BrainMaster’s counseling services and success stories, visit: BrainMaster Counseling Services and BrainMaster Counselors & Successes.

 

3. What Is a College Signature/Passion Project?

A Passion Project is a personal, distinctive undertaking designed to showcase a student’s unique skills, interests, and potential. Developed by BrainMaster's counseling partners at InGenius Prep, this concept emphasizes crafting a project that becomes the centerpiece of a student’s college application profile. Unlike traditional extracurriculars, Passion Projects tell a compelling narrative by combining the student’s academic achievements, personal journey, and leadership qualities into a memorable and cohesive story.

Passion Projects can take many forms, such as tech-driven inventions, creative publications, community outreach initiatives, or independent research and business ventures. The key is that the project is original, student-driven, and reflects the individual’s unique passions and dedication. Successful Passion Projects weave together different elements of a student’s profile, creating a narrative thread that highlights both persistence and creativity.

For example, students might develop charitable outreach programs, design apps or software, publish work in an area of interest, or launch entrepreneurial ventures. These projects can fit any subject or interest area but must demonstrate leadership, dedication, and authenticity. A Passion Project provides high school students with a clear, impactful way to integrate their passions into their college applications, making them stand out to admissions committees.

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4. What Is a College Application Persona?

A college application persona is the clear value proposition or personality communicated through a student’s application. It helps the regional admission officer feel confident in recommending the student for admission. The persona is what makes a student stand out in a competitive applicant pool, beyond just having strong grades or test scores.

While academic qualifications are necessary to demonstrate readiness for the rigors of college, they are considered threshold criteria—factors that show a student can handle the academic challenges but do not guarantee admission. In today’s competitive admissions environment, holistic review focuses much more on a student’s persona, which ties together their passions, achievements, and personal story into a memorable and compelling application.

BrainMaster and its partners at InGenius Prep specialize in helping students develop application personas that highlight their uniqueness and strengths. For more insights, watch this joint webinar where BrainMaster and InGenius Prep explain application personas and how they can give students an edge: Webinar: Creating a Standout Application Persona.

 

5. What Are the Four Tiers of Extracurricular Success?

Developed by CollegeVine, the tiers of extracurricular activities categorize the impact and prestige of a student’s involvement in activities such as research projects, competitions, and hobbies. These tiers provide a framework for evaluating how impressive a student’s extracurricular achievements are to college admissions committees:

• Tier 1: International or national-level accomplishments (e.g., winning a national championship, publishing research in a nationally recognized journal).

• Tier 2: State-level achievements or leadership roles (e.g., state debate champion, state student government leader).

• Tier 3: Regional recognition (e.g., placing in regional competitions, significant roles in local organizations).

• Tier 4: General participation (e.g., being a member of a school club or sports team).

BrainMaster’s approach to college admissions success focuses on helping students identify and excel in the activities where they can maximize their potential. Through programs in speech, debate, mock trial, Model UN, and more, BrainMaster trains students to demonstrate preparation, polish, poise, and talent, enabling them to achieve Tier 1-level successes. Students without Tier 1 accomplishments often face greater challenges when applying to top 20 schools, as admissions committees prioritize exceptional extracurricular impact.

To learn more about the tiers of extracurricular activities, read CollegeVine’s guide: Breaking Down the 4 Tiers of Extracurricular Activities.

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6. What Is the PVSA (Presidents Volunteer Service Award)?

Established in 2003, the President’s Volunteer Service Award (PVSA) recognizes individuals and groups who demonstrate a sustained commitment to volunteer service over a 12-month period. Community service hours can be earned through a wide variety of projects, and awards are given annually at Bronze, Silver, and Gold levels based on the total hours accumulated.

BrainMaster is a certified PVSA provider, allowing students to earn service hours through various activities, including judging competitions, coaching younger students, and serving as teaching assistants (TAs) within BrainMaster’s programs. This award is an excellent opportunity for students to showcase their leadership and dedication to service, both for college applications and for making a positive impact on their communities.

Here is a list of some of our earliest TAs: BrainMaster TAs.

To learn more about volunteering with BrainMaster to earn the PVSA, visit: Volunteer with BrainMaster.

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7. What Is the NFHS (National Federation of State High School Associations)?

The NFHS serves as the national authority that promotes and protects the values of education-based high school athletics and activities. Working in collaboration with its member state associations, the NFHS provides leadership, guidance, and resources to ensure a positive and safe environment for students participating in sports and extracurricular activities. It also partners with organizations like the National Speech and Debate Association (NSDA) to support programs beyond athletics.

At BrainMaster, we prioritize student safety and development by requiring all coaches to complete certification courses through the NFHS. These courses focus on ensuring the psychological and physical well-being of students under their guidance. Additionally, all BrainMaster teaching assistants (TAs) are mandated to complete NFHS training before working with younger students, ensuring they are equipped to foster a safe and effective learning environment.

Speech Competition Glossary

 

1. How Do You Win Speech Competitions?

Winning speech competitions requires strategic planning, effective communication skills, and a clear understanding of how judging works. Here are the essential steps:

• Sign up for tournaments through reputable portals like forensicstournament.net, speechwire.com, or tabroom.com. Ensure you have judges lined up to cover your entry, as most tournaments require each school or team to supply volunteer judges.

• In preliminary rounds, speakers are ranked from first to last. The goal is to accumulate as many first-place rankings as possible to advance to elimination rounds and ultimately win.

• Judges typically look for strong ethos (credibility), pathos (emotional connection), and logos (logical argument). Review the official judging criteria on the tournament’s ballot to understand what specific elements they will grade you on—such as vocal clarity, body language, organization, and persuasiveness.

• Stand out with a memorable angle, fresh evidence, or a compelling personal story. Incorporating unique insights sets you apart from competitors delivering more “standard” speeches.

• BrainMaster has coached students to over 1,000 first-place finishes by refining delivery, honing content, and developing confidence. Leveraging expert feedback ensures your speeches consistently meet and exceed judging standards.

 

2. What Is Declamation?

Declamation is a public speaking event where you deliver someone else’s speech—such as a TED Talk, political address, or victim impact statement—to showcase your interpretation skills. Typically, middle and high school students perform a 10-minute version, while elementary students may have a 5-minute limit. In leagues like the National Catholic Forensics League (NCFL), Declamation is offered exclusively to 9th and 10th graders; however, it’s often even more popular at the middle school level.

• Choose a Powerful Piece
  Opt for a speech with a clear message and a strong emotional arc, ensuring it resonates both with you and your audience.

• Build a Personal Connection
  During your introduction, clearly articulate why you selected this piece—judges appreciate genuine enthusiasm and insight.

• Focus on Delivery
  Concentrate on vocal variety, pacing, and facial expressions. The goal is to recreate the original speech’s intent while adding your unique interpretation.

BrainMaster has a strong track record in Declamation: in the final round of the Middle School Tournament of Champions, four of the six finalists, including the champion, were our students. You can watch their outstanding performances here.

 

3. What Is Dramatic Interpretation?

Dramatic Interpretation (often called “DI”) is a 10-minute performance event for middle school and high school speech competitions. In DI, students deliver a dramatic monologue—without the use of props, costumes, or additional on-stage help. The goal is to fully embody the characters and emotions of the chosen piece through vocal variation, physicality, and emotional depth.

• Characterization
  Portray distinct characters convincingly. The sharper your transitions between characters (when more than one is featured), the more compelling your performance.

• Emotional Resonance
  Heavy themes like racism, loss, or trauma are common in DI. Strive for authenticity and vulnerability to create a moving experience.

• Power of Message
  Use clear storytelling to bring out the central theme—make sure the audience connects to the deeper meaning behind your piece.

• Acting and Performance Skills
  Demonstrate command of facial expressions, voice, body language, and pacing. Judges will be evaluating how you navigate the emotional arc of the piece.

• Unique Interpretation
  While the text may stay the same, your personal take on the characters and conflict can set you apart.

BrainMaster’s approach to Dramatic Interpretation has been proven successful: we had two finalists, including the champion, in the Middle School Tournament of Champions final round. Watch these standout performances here:  DI Final Round.

 

4. What Is DUO Interpretation?

Duo Interpretation—often shortened to “Duo”—is a 10-minute speech event where two performers bring a script to life without props or costumes. Whether the selection is dramatic, humorous, or a blend of both, success in Duo hinges on strong chemistry between partners and a clear, purposeful message.

• Teamwork & Blocking
  Both partners must coordinate their movements (also known as “blocking”) to enhance the storyline. Strategically using physical space and positioning can highlight pivotal moments and keep the audience engaged.

• Script Selection
  Look for a piece that can fit effectively into 10 minutes and still maintain a cohesive beginning, middle, and end. A strong plot with a clear message will captivate judges and audience members.

• Emotional Range
  While Duo may involve comedic scenes, it can also tackle serious themes. Being comfortable portraying various emotions in sync with your partner can leave a lasting impact.

• Vocal & Physical Contrast
  Each actor should develop distinct character voices and mannerisms, ensuring that the transitions between different characters within the same piece are clear and compelling.

BrainMaster’s coaching in Duo Interpretation has proven successful on the national stage. Watch one of our championship-winning coach's performances here: National Champion Duo.

 

5. What is Expository Speaking?

Expository Speaking (often called “Expos”) is a supplemental speech event that typically lasts 5 minutes. Unlike persuasive speeches, the purpose of Expos is to entertain and inform, rather than to convince the audience to adopt a particular viewpoint.

• Uniqueness of Message
  Your chosen topic should present fresh ideas or insights that captivate your audience.

• Novelty of Information
  Judges reward well-researched content that goes beyond common knowledge.

• Delivery Style
  Engaging storytelling, clear vocal variety, and polished body language help make your presentation memorable.

• Research Quality
  Credible sources and fact-based explanations demonstrate thorough preparation.

Our coaches have both earned and coached national champions in Expository Speaking. Check out this champion performance from one of our coaches' students: Expository National Champion

 

6. What Is Extemporaneous Speaking?

Extemporaneous Speaking—often called “Extemp”—is a competitive speech event where speakers have 30 minutes to craft and organize a response to a politically charged or open-ended question, then deliver a 7-minute speech. Extemp speeches focus on current events, and participants are evaluated on structure, clarity, delivery, and quality of sources.

• Structure & Clarity
  A top-notch Extemp speech follows a logical progression—introduction, body, and conclusion. Clearly signpost your main points and tie everything back to the core question.

• Delivery Skills
  Judges look for confident posture, effective eye contact, and engaging vocal variety. Practice pacing and diction to maintain audience interest throughout your 7-minute timeframe.

• Quality of Sources
  Credible, well-researched evidence sets excellent Extemp speeches apart. Reference reliable news outlets, peer-reviewed journals, or think tank analyses to boost your speech’s persuasive power.

There are two general topic categories.

• Domestic/National: Focus on issues like healthcare policy, economic trends, Supreme Court decisions, and broader debates within your own country.

• Foreign/International: Explore subjects such as global conflicts, diplomatic relations, humanitarian crises, and multinational agreements.

BrainMaster has a proven track record of coaching high-caliber Extemp speakers. Check out this nationally ranked BrainMaster alumdelivering a standout Extemp performance: Nationally Ranked Extemp Speech.

 

7. What Is Humorous Interpretation?

Humorous Interpretation (often called “HI”) is a 10-minute individual speech event designed to showcase comedic timing, character work, and imaginative storytelling—all performed without the use of props or costumes. Competitors adapt scripts to deliver a polished piece that highlights their unique performance skills.

• Character Transitions (Pops)
  A hallmark of HI is the performer’s ability to instantly “pop” from one character to another. Smooth, well-defined transitions impress judges and keep the audience engaged.

• Quality of Script
  Whether you select a comedic play, short story, or another source, your script must lend itself to humor while containing enough depth for a captivating 10-minute performance.

• Expressive Blocking
  Even without props or costumes, your movement on stage (blocking) should be dynamic and purposeful, adding dimension to the storyline and comedic impact.

• Acting & Comedic Timing
  Judges look for an actor who can skillfully alternate pacing, facial expressions, and vocal inflection to land jokes and keep the audience laughing.

Our coaching in Humorous Interpretation has produced numerous finalists and champions. Watch this our middle school finalist at the Tournament of Champions to see a stellar HI performance: HI Finalist.

 

8. What Is Impromptu Speaking?

Impromptu Speaking is a fast-paced speech event where you have 2 minutes to prepare and 5 minutes to speak on a given prompt. Topics can range from abstract nouns (like “courage” or “friendship”) to current events, quotations, or even concrete objects. The challenge is to craft a structured, engaging speech on the fly—without sounding overly rehearsed or canned.

• Delivery & Fluency
  Judges focus on your vocal presence, eye contact, and ability to avoid excessive filler words or stumbles.

• Topicality & Examples
  Your examples and anecdotes should directly relate to the prompt you’re given, showcasing quick thinking and relevance.

• Structure & Clarity
  Even under time pressure, aim for a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Smooth transitions help keep your speech coherent.

• Authenticity & Spontaneity
  Relying on memorized anecdotes can make your speech feel stale. Be truly present in the moment—engage with the prompt in a fresh, genuine way.

Our coaching emphasizes creativity and on-the-spot adaptability. Here’s a former national champion, coached by BrainMaster, demonstrating these skills: NIETOC Champion.

 

9. What Is Informative Speaking?

Informative Speaking is a 10-minute memorized speech event designed to educate and entertain—rather than persuade—on a specific topic. Speakers typically use visual aids to enhance clarity and audience engagement.

• Original Topic & Personal Connection
  Stand out by choosing a unique subject that resonates with your personal or cultural background, or shed new light on a familiar topic. This authenticity helps you captivate both judges and audiences.

• Strong Research
  Comprehensive research—especially if it includes original findings—demonstrates credibility. Cite reputable sources and incorporate statistics, anecdotes, or expert opinions to substantiate your information.

• Memorized & Polished Delivery
  Since the speech is 10 minutes long and must be fully memorized, polish your pacing, vocal variety, and body language to keep listeners engaged. Confidence and poise are essential for a professional impression.

• Effective Use of Visual Aids
  Incorporating posters, slides, or handouts can bolster understanding and create visual interest. Select visuals that complement your content without overwhelming the presentation.

Our coaches emphasize connecting topics with genuine passion and conducting thorough research. Watch this speech for inspiration: National-Level Informative Speech.

 

10. What is Original Oratory?

Original Oratory (often shortened to “OO”) is a 10-minute, memorized, and persuasive speech event. Also known as Persuasive Speaking, it requires participants to address a social issue or problem and then propose a potential solution. The best Oratories resonate with their audience on a personal level—mixing strong evidence with heartfelt storytelling.

• Persuasive Structure
  Clearly outline the problem, examine its causes, and provide a workable solution. Organize your points so that each section logically flows into the next.

• Relatability & Originality
  Choose a topic that you can uniquely address—perhaps through personal anecdotes or specialized knowledge. Judges appreciate either hyper-specific subjects or broader issues approached from a fresh angle.

• Delivery & Presence
  Maintain strong eye contact, vocal variety, and clear articulation. A polished, confident stage presence elevates your credibility and helps persuade the audience.

• Thorough Research
  Back up your argument with reliable sources and relevant data. High-quality, cited evidence solidifies your points and demonstrates expertise.

BrainMaster’s commitment to individualized coaching has produced exceptional results in Original Oratory. We had the champion and two finalists in the Middle School Tournament of Champions. Watch their outstanding performances here:  OO Final Round.

 

11. What Is Original Spoken Word Poetry?

Original Spoken Word Poetry is a 5-minute, memorized event that requires performers to present originally written poetic work. It often highlights deeply personal themes, resonating with audiences through vivid language and strong delivery.

• Personal & Powerful Theme
  Use personal stories, experiences, and emotions to forge a genuine connection with your audience. Topics can be intimate, social, or cultural, but authenticity is key.

• Poetic & Literary Devices
  Incorporate techniques like metaphor, rhyme, rhythm, and alliteration to add depth and musicality. Vary sentence lengths and structures to maintain engagement and emphasize key points.

• Engaging Delivery
  Focus on vocal variety, pacing, and clear enunciation to bring your poem to life. Use expressive gestures and facial expressions to underscore important moments.

BrainMaster encourages poets to explore their creativity and personal narratives through Spoken Word Poetry. Watch this  middle school student—a national showcase finalist—demonstrate the power of a heartfelt Spoken Word performance: Spoken Word Finalist.

 

12. What Is Poetry Interpretation?

Poetry Interpretation is a 5-minute, supplemental category that allows speakers to bring poetic literature to life through a cohesive performance. Competitors typically use a black binder (often called a “black book”) both as a prop and as a means to hold or reference their chosen poems.

• The Black Book
  Serve as both a physical prop and a place to showcase your text. Use page turns, placement, and subtle gestures to reinforce emotional shifts in the poetry.

• Thematic Unity
  Often involves weaving together multiple poems under a single theme or central message. Make sure each poem contributes to a cohesive narrative or argument.

• Personal Connection & Impact
  Demonstrate how the poems resonate with you—whether through life experience, identity, or values. Authentic emotion can captivate judges and audiences alike.

• Delivery & Characterization
  Employ vocal variety, facial expressions, and purposeful body language to animate the text. Show distinct changes in tone or pacing for different parts of the piece.

• Clarity & Cohesion
  Maintain a clear structure so the audience follows your narrative thread from start to finish. Keep the focus on how these poems unite to form one powerful, cohesive message.

BrainMaster’s coaching emphasizes thematic depth and strong performance skills. Watch this national finalist, coached by us, for an example of outstanding Poetry Interpretation: Poetry Finalist.

 

13. What Is Programmed Oral Interpretation?

Programmed Oral Interpretation (often shortened to “POI”) is a 10-minute performance event that merges various genres—such as articles, plays, poetry, and prose—into a single, cohesive narrative. By weaving different sources together, competitors deliver a powerful thematic statement supported by distinct characters, compelling language, and clear structure.

• Multi-Genre Composition
  Select and combine excerpts from drama (plays, musicals, or film scripts), poetry, prose, and articles to form a unified program centered on one overarching theme.

• Characterization & Blocking
  Use vocal variety, facial expressions, and purposeful movement to distinguish each character or source. Effective blocking brings focus to emotional shifts and pivotal moments.

• Powerful Message
  Craft a clear thesis or thematic statement that runs through the entire performance. Each excerpt should contribute to a deeper understanding of the core idea.

• Clarity & Structure
  Organize your pieces in a logical sequence so the audience can follow the evolving narrative. Smooth transitions and signposting between excerpts help maintain coherence.

• Personal & Topical Connection
  The best POI pieces resonate on a personal or social level. Show why this theme matters to you—and why it should matter to your audience.

BrainMaster’s approach to POI coaching helps students find impactful selections and master delivery. Here’s a Middle School National Champion performance, coached by us:POI Champion.

 

14. What Is Prose Interpretation?

Prose Interpretation is a 5-minute, supplemental event where performers use a black binder to hold and reference literature. Competitors typically present a single story or narrative from a prose source—such as a novel, short story, or literary essay—focusing on bringing the text’s characters and emotional arc to life.

• The Black Book
  Acts as both a practical reference and a prop. Thoughtful page turns, positioning, and subtle movements can add emphasis and drama.

• Single Narrative Structure
  Choose an engaging piece with a clear beginning, middle, and end. Building toward a strong climax ensures audience investment in the storyline.

• Characterization & Emotional Range
  Convey distinct voices, personalities, or perspectives using vocal variety and facial expressions. Whether it’s humorous or dramatic, authentic emotion keeps the audience engaged.

• Connection & Message
  Show how the narrative resonates with you and why it matters. A memorable “takeaway” or message helps your performance stand out.

• Literary Source
  Must be taken from a prose work such as a novel, short story, or published nonfiction piece. Ensure your cutting remains cohesive and highlights the text’s most compelling moments.

BrainMaster’s coaching emphasizes thoughtful piece selection and dynamic delivery. Check out this nationally ranked Prose Interpretation coached by us: Prose Performance.

 

15. What Is SPAR/Spontaneous Argumentation?

SPAR (short for “Spontaneous Argumentation”) is a rapid-fire speech format that, while not recognized as a national event at the high school level or at many major tournaments, remains a popular practice activity—especially in middle school (MS) and elementary school (ES) programs. Some high school (HS) students also engage in SPAR for fun or skill development.

• Format & Time Structure
  2 minutes to prepare. 2 minutes to argue as the Affirmative. 2 minutes to argue as the Negative. 2 minutes of cross-examination. 2 minutes each for closing statements (Affirmative and Negative).

• Topic Selection
  Competitors may be given one to three prompts. Each debater or team typically chooses one topic to debate.

Judges often rank participants on logic, clarity, persuasiveness, and spontaneity. Charisma and delivery style also factor heavily into the overall score. Some versions allow or encourage light research beforehand, while others strictly emphasize improvisation.

BrainMaster coaches regularly incorporate SPAR in their curricula to develop quick-thinking and effective argumentation. Watch these adult students, some coached by us, in a virtual SPAR match: SPAR Debate.

 

16. What Is Storytelling?

Storytelling is a 5-minute supplemental event where competitors interpret someone else’s words, typically aiming the performance at a children’s audience. While you can incorporate a chair as a single prop, success relies on the performer’s ability to bring the story to lifethrough engaging vocal variety, expressive movements, and a clear, age-appropriate message.

• Intended Audience
  Aim your storyline, language, and tone toward children. Strive for clarity, simplicity, and relatability.

• Characterization
  Use distinct voices, facial expressions, and body language. Vary your pitch and pacing to create an immersive experience.

• Use of a Chair (Single Prop)
  Sit, stand, or move around the chair to convey different scenes or moods. Employ subtle prop work without overshadowing the story.

• Clear, Engaging Message
  Ensure the plot and moral of the story are easily understood. Select or adapt a piece that resonates with young listeners.

• Ease of Understanding
  Keep the performance straightforward, avoiding overly complex language. Maintain a strong narrative flow from beginning to end.

BrainMaster’s coaching emphasizes building confidence and creativity in Storytelling. Watch this Middle School National Showcase Finalist, coached by us, for a heartwarming example of Storytelling: Storytelling Finalist.

Debate Competition Glossary

 

1. How Do You Win Debate Competitions?

Debate is fundamentally about persuading the judge that your interpretation of the resolution is more valid than your opponent’s. Judges strive to remain tabula rasa (blank slate), so both sides have an equal chance of winning. To excel, you must out-argue your opponents, anticipate unspoken objections from the judge, and adapt to the evolving dynamics of the round—much like a strategic game of chess.

• Clearly define key terms and the scope of the topic. Ensure your argument directly addresses the resolution’s central question.

• Anticipate possible arguments your opponent might make. Gather evidence and craft counterarguments in advance to stay ahead.

• Establish a compelling opening position that is difficult for opponents to refute. Build logical, cohesive arguments that flow from one point to the next.

• Monitor the debate’s direction and modify your approach as needed. Identify which arguments resonate most with the judge and prioritize them in later speeches.

• Use confident delivery, clear language, and credible sources to enhance persuasiveness. Balance emotional appeal with logical rigor to make your case compelling.

• In the final moments, distill the debate into the key reasons why you prevail. Compare it to checkmate—preserve the crucial “pieces” of your argument to clinch victory.

BrainMaster offers training in all major forms of debate.

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2. What Is Lincoln-Douglas Debate?

Lincoln-Douglas (LD) Debate is a one-on-one format typically centered around philosophical or ethical issues. Each debate lasts about 45 minutes, and a single topic is debated for roughly two months. While traditional LD emphasizes abstract philosophy (e.g., Kantian ethics vs. Utilitarianism), progressive LD may incorporate fast-paced argumentation, policy proposals, and debate theory. Success depends on deep research, judge adaptation, and preparing “blocks” (pre-written responses) to common arguments.

In traditional LD, you use primary value (main principle) and a value criterion (the measure for adherence to that principle). Some judges prefer traditional style, focusing on clarity and deep philosophical structure. Other judges embrace faster delivery, heavy evidence, and creative argumentation techniques.

BrainMaster has a proven track record in Lincoln-Douglas Debate. Recently, a former and a current BrainMaster student claimed 1st and 2nd place at the Middle School Tournament of Champions—demonstrating our commitment to rigorous research, skillful strategy, and personalized mentorship.

 

3. What Is Parliamentary Debate?

Parliamentary Debate—often shortened to “Parli”—is a two-on-two, spontaneous debate format. Competitors have 20 minutes of preparation time to craft their arguments, and the overall round usually lasts about an hour. The debate unfolds across six speeches: the first two speeches outline each side’s cases, the next two speeches focus on refutations, and the last two speeches conclude and crystallize the arguments.

• Types of Resolutions
  Policy Topics: One side proposes a plan; the other defends the status quo or presents a counterplan. Fact Topics: Debating whether something is “more likely than not” to be true. Value Topics: Arguing why prioritizing one concept over another is more beneficial.

• Speech Structure
  First Two Speeches: Constructive arguments (cases) are presented. Second Two Speeches: Refutations, counterarguments, and clash occur. Final Two Speeches: Conclusions and crystallization of the debate.

• Evidence & Style
  Generally less evidence-heavy than other debate formats, emphasizing logic and rhetoric. Requires adaptability and strong teamwork to handle a range of potential resolutions.

• Organizations & Competitions
  The National Parliamentary Debate League (NPDL) hosts tournaments, but Parliamentary Debate is not a standard national championship event in MS/HS. Popular in some regions and at the college level for its spontaneity and range of topics.

BrainMaster’s students have excelled in Parliamentary Debate, showcasing quick thinking and collaboration. Watch these former ModernBrain coaches’ students in a national elimination round: Parli Debate.

 

4. What Is Policy Debate?

Policy Debate is a two-on-two format widely regarded as the oldest and often the most research-intensive form of scholastic debate. A single topic (or “resolution”) is debated for an entire year, and rounds typically last over 90 minutes. Because of its technical depth, Policy Debate frequently involves rapid speaking, complex argumentation, and extensive evidence files.

Given the complexity, many judges have extensive experience processing fast-paced, highly technical debates. Lay judges do exist, but the majority of Policy Debate is geared toward judges fluent in “policy speak.”

Our Policy Debate program has made history by winning the NSDA National Championship and the Middle School Tournament of Champions in back-to-back years. Watch one of our championship-winning Policy Debate rounds here: Policy Debate Champion.

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5. What Is Public Forum Debate?

Public Forum (PF) Debate is a two-on-two format where teams argue a resolution that changes every month or two. While it shares similarities with Policy Debate in terms of research and strategy, PF tends to be less fast-paced and more accessible to a wider range of audiences, including lay judges. Teams must thoroughly understand the topic—from background context to potential impacts—and present a clear narrative about how the world changes if the resolution is true (or false).

BrainMaster has cultivated many nationally ranked PF debaters through intensive topic exploration and adaptable delivery strategies.

Watch these former students secure a semifinal victory in a national competition: PF Semifinals.

 

6. What Is the Ronald Reagan Great Communicator Debate Series?

The Ronald Reagan Great Communicator Debate Series is an annual tournament hosted by the Ronald Reagan Foundation. In contrast to the fast-paced, highly technical style of Policy Debate, this format prioritizes accessibility, delivery, and clarity—focusing on everyday language rather than niche jargon. Competitors debate a fact-based resolution (whether something is “more true than not”) in a one-on-oneformat, incorporating humor and strong speaking skills to connect with both judges and lay audiences.

BrainMaster has consistently excelled in this format, with students reaching the top 16 nationally every year.

• Watch a ModernBrain 1st–2nd place closeout at the Western Region Qualifier: RRGC Western Region Qualifier

• See one of our coaches, who took 2nd place nationally: National Final.

 

7. What Is Student Congress?

Student Congress (also called Congressional Debate) simulates a legislative assembly where debaters propose and debate bills and resolutions. Participants speak in turns, 3 minutes each, either affirming or negating the legislation. After these speeches, they field questions from their peers. At the end, competitors are ranked based on the quality of their contributions, including research, refutation, engagement, and delivery.

• Docket of Bills & Resolutions
  Topics are distributed beforehand (typically two to six weeks in advance), allowing participants to prepare arguments. Debaters aim to support or oppose each bill with substantive evidence.

• Engaged Debate & Spontaneity
  Merely reading a pre-written speech falls flat. The best Congress participants adapt in real time—responding directly to opponents’ points and weighing impacts.

• Legislative Simulation
  Speakers persuade the chamber—like real legislators—to vote on each bill. Success lies in guiding the assembly toward your perspective through logic, evidence, and rhetorical skill.

BrainMaster has coached middle and high school level state and national champions in Student Congress. Watch the 2022 California State Final Round Winner’s Speech here:Student Congress Champion.

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8. What Is World Schools Debate?

World Schools Debate is an internationally popular format that blends both prepared (topics released in advance) and impromptu (topics given just one hour before the round) debates. Teams typically have 3–5 members, but only three speak in any given round. This style shares similarities with Parliamentary Debate, particularly in its open engagement format—teams can interject with Points of Information (POIs) during opponents’ speeches rather than having a formal cross-examination period.

• Scoring & Criteria
  Judges score speeches on Content, Style, and Strategy. Winners are determined by overall points rather than strict win/loss records on arguments alone.

• Global Popularity
  Recognized worldwide, with national and international championships. Emphasizes critical thinking, persuasive delivery, and adaptability.

BrainMaster provided consultation to the back-to-back NSDA World Schools Debate Champions from West Los Angeles, offering strategic insights that helped them secure decisive wins in 2022 (10-3 decision) and 2023 (12-1 decision).

Watch the 2023 NSDA World Schools Debate Final: 2023 Final Round

 

9. What Is the Difference Between Lay/Traditional and Tech/Progressive Debate?

Debate styles often fall under two broad categories—Lay/Traditional and Tech/Progressive. Each approach has its own pace, content focus, and set of priorities when it comes to evaluating arguments and performance.

• Rate of Speaking
  Lay/Traditional: Debaters speak slowly and clearly to ensure the audience can easily follow.
  Tech/Progressive: Rapid delivery to fit as many arguments as possible into limited time (often called “spreading”).

• Content & Focus
  Lay/Traditional: Centered on whether the resolution itself is true or false, with straightforward reasoning.
  Tech/Progressive: May delve into meta-debate (debating the rules or theory of debate), advanced policy proposals, and complex argument structures (disadvantages, counterplans, kritiks, etc.).

• Evaluation & Style
  Lay/Traditional: Judges prioritize clarity, persuasion, rhetoric, and logical organization—akin to a public speaking competition.
  Tech/Progressive: Emphasizes extensive research, critical thinking, and the ability to compare arguments at a high level (impact calculus, theory, etc.).

BrainMaster coaches have created several video tutorials to demystify debate terminology and help students prepare for both Traditional and Progressive styles:

• How to Construct Debate Cases

• How to Cut Cards (Format Gathered Evidence)

• How to Write Disadvantages

• How to Create Counterplans

• How to Do Impact Calculus

• How to Answer Topicality

• How to Address the Kritik

Whether you prefer a lay/traditional approach or a tech/progressive style, understanding both can make you a versatile debater who can adapt to any judge and format.

 

10. What Is Spreading in Debate?

“Spreading” is a speed-reading technique employed in technical/progressive debate formats. Debaters speak at a rapid pace so they can present more arguments and include additional details within time limits. Because lay or traditional judges typically value clarity over quantity, spreading is usually inappropriate in front of non-technical audiences. In many tournaments, judges will also receive a digital copyof the debaters’ cases to follow along if the speed becomes overwhelming.

• Purpose
  Allow debaters to fit a larger number of arguments into limited speech time. Present extensive evidence and nuanced reasoning for each contention.

• Context & Audience
  Common in tech/progressive debate settings (e.g., Policy or some LD circuits). Avoided in lay/traditional formats where judges expect slower, clearer communication.

• Practical Support
  Judges often receive digital “speech docs” to track arguments as they’re read. Spreading can be challenging to process solely by ear.

• Considerations
  Rapid delivery must remain intelligible; if judges can’t follow, the arguments won’t count. Clear enunciation and strong organization are vital to avoid losing impact.

For a deeper look at spreading, check out WIRED’s investigative video: WIRED on Spreading.

 

11. What Is Flowing in Debate?

Flowing refers to the note-taking system debaters use to keep track of both their own arguments and those of their opponents during a round. By writing in shorthand and organizing points in a structured layout, debaters can quickly reference key ideas, spot weaknesses, and formulate responses. Proper flow technique is crucial for success in more technical forms of debate, where multiple arguments and subpoints must be followed accurately.

• Purpose
  Capture every major claim, piece of evidence, and rebuttal in a way that’s easy to revisit. Provide a quick visual overview of the debate’s structure, from initial constructive arguments to final refutations.

• Organization
  Typically involves multiple “columns” representing each speech or argument segment. Shorthand is used to save time and maintain clarity.

• Responsiveness
  Flowing allows debaters to see where specific points have or haven’t been addressed. Helps ensure you don’t drop (ignore) critical arguments from the other side.

Want to learn more? Check out this video for an in-depth explanation of flowing techniques and examples of “good flow” vs. “bad flow”: Flowing in Debate